The Effects of Sport on Levels of Mindfulness and...

The area of research that will be of focal concern is conscious awareness in relation to the concept of ‘mindfulness’. In addition to this, analogous research surrounding the topic area will be integrated, with particular attention being paid to an important aspect of sport psychology known as ‘flow’. Mindfulness has its roots in ancient spiritual traditions, namely Buddhism (Keng, Smoski, Robins, 2011), and is commonly defined as â€Å"the awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding experience moment by moment† (Kabat-Zinn, 2003, p. 145). Definitions like the preceding are common in contemporary literature, however many authors have suggested that mindfulness is a†¦show more content†¦Beginning with the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn and the practice of mindfulness-based-stress-reduction (MBSR), which explored the use of mindfulness meditation in treating patients with chronic pain (Keng, Smoski, Robins, 2011), a growing body of research concerning the cognitive-behavioural tradition emerged. Within this tradition it was assumed that cognition plays a vital role in determining behaviour (Huss Baer, 2007), therefore, by drawing on the two components of mindfulness put forth by Bishop et al (200 4), clinicians established that the development of mindfulness skills, such as focussed breathing (which cultivates the state of mindfulness), can lead to; increased self-awareness and self-acceptance; reduced reactivity to thoughts and emotions; and improved ability to cope with problematic situations (Linehan, 1993). In addition to this, research revealed that those who undergo mindfulness training also experience improved ability to sustain attention in the present moment (Marks, 2008). From a similar stance, recent studies carried out by sport psychologists provided an indication towards a relationship between aspects of mindfulness and sporting performance, in which theories of ‘flow’ and ‘peak performance’ were evidently compatible with the constructs of mindfulness (Kaufman, Glass, Arnkoff, 2009). Csikszentmihalyi (1990; as cited in Bernier, Thienot,Show MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Irelands History in the 1800s

Booker T. Washington Up from Slavery Chapter 1 Summary

This chapter begins where it should begin - at the beginning! Or least at the beginning as Booker knew it. He tells us he was born in Franklin County Virginia, but he is not sure of the year - it’s either 1858 or 1859 - and he doesn’t know what month or what day. He does know that his birth took place near a crossroads post-office called Hale’s Ford. Otherwise, his earliest impressions are of the plantation and the slave quarters, the most miserable, desolate, and discouraging of surroundings. His owners were not especially cruel, at least not as compared to other owners, but still he was forced to live in a 14 x 16 foot cabin with his mother, his brother, and his sister. He knew almost nothing of his ancestry other than the whispers in†¦show more content†¦Fortunately, his brother John often generously offered to wear the shirt to help break it in. Mr. Washington is quick to pint out at this point in his narrative that one might suppose that he and the rest of his people would have had bitter feelings towards whites. However, in the case of the slaves on his plantation, this was not true. In fact, he believed it was not true for most of the black population of the South at that time. Instead, when one of their young masters was killed in battle, their sorrow was as great as that of the white family. â€Å"Mars Billy† had often begged for mercy for the slaves when they were being flogged or punished as he cared deeply for them from childhood. The slaves would also stay up around the clock to help nurse their wounded masters, and when the men were gone to battle, the slaves took upon themselves the serious responsibility to protect the white women and children with their lives if necessary. It was an honor among the slaves to be appointed as the ones to sleep in the big house during the absence of the men. All of this, to Mr. Washington, was a result of the kind and generous nature of the Negro race, which never in his memory would betray a specific trust. In later years, the former slaves were even known to support and care for their former masters with gifts of money, food, and time to keep them from suffering. One ex-slave from Ohio had made a contractShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Du Bois 1782 Words   |  8 PagesSummary of text: Du Bois begins Chapter One by addressing what it means to be a problem. He says often times, and individual would never simply ask him what it is like to be a problem; even though he knows that they consider him a problem purely on the fact that he is African American. Instead, people talk about they know African Americans who are nice or tell him about how they fought in the War to end slavery. Du Bois is courteous when people say these things. Following this, Du Bois recalls hisRead MoreNot Without Laughter Study Guide9912 Words   |  40 Pagescom/studyguide-not-without-laughter/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2012 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I ReadRead MoreThe Discourse Community Of The English Subject2328 Words   |  10 Pagescommunication to achieve these goals. Some of these forms of communication may range from reading, writing, the use of technology such as blogging and emailing, and even visual art such as painting and drawing. As an English major focusing on the aspect of creative writing, the discourse community I so happened to be associated with is of the English subject. The discourse community of the English literature is made up of many people, genres of literature, and even terms. The discourse community ofRead Morewi sdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesContents (with links) Walter G. Moss 1 Table of Contents (with links) 1 Wisdom, Perspective, and Values 2 Humor’s Contribution to Wisdom 4 Humor and Wisdom in Europe: Some Highlights 5 Renaissance Humor: Erasmus, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare 5 Two European Russians: Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Soloviev 9 Reflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, Beecher, Twain, Sandburg, and Buchwald 17 From The Times (of London) obituary on

Want Two by Rufus Wainwright free essay sample

Title: Rufus Wainwright is a God And Want Two is my Bible (yes, an honest Bible does exist- no longer limited to being a preached oxymoron)! I have to write a review for Want Two, for the chef-d’oeuvre which has provided me (and doubtlessly many others) the most transcendental, warmest musical experience one can ever imbibe through a cold, metallic disc. I believe this is Rufus’s most underrated album thus far, and my absolute favourite (this is saying something, considering it comes from one whose ‘cigarettes and chocolate milk’ is Rufus Wainwright)! Having read so many articles comparing Rufus’s voice to saccharine foods, let me just extend their encomiums with another (less stimulating) metaphor†¦ His songs, mellifluous as they are, embody a unique personal quality to an extent that we listeners will not only be climbing a stairway to a makeshift Shangri-la, but we are rungs closer to understanding the virtuoso himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Want Two by Rufus Wainwright or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He’s my sole remedy in purging myself of the kitschy, oversexed music which the majority of my peers at school listen to! Gay Messiah, This Love Affair and especially The Art Teacher continually make me a loyal Kleenex customer. Why homophobia never seems to dissipate or crunch away is beyond me. To those whose enchridion-based beliefs cause anguish to their ‘victims’, I can only hope that Jesus etc. will descend (in a flowing robe for dramatic effect) and cry â€Å"MATTHEW, PETER AND SO SO, THAT IS SO OUT OF CONTEXT!!!†

The White Hotel Essay Example For Students

The White Hotel Essay Wrought with images of death, love, desire and life, D.M. Thomas novel, The White Hotel, takes readers on an unexpected historical tour of one of the worlds most horrifying events. Narrated in the first and third person, as well as with an omniscient narrator, Thomas begins in the middle of the story momentarily causing confusion on the readers part. Thereafter the story continues at the beginning and gives us an ending that is not an ending but a new beginning for the main character, Lisa Erdman. Each chapter is almost its own entity but many parallels and symbols can be seen in each, linking them into a cohesive story and a web swelling with meaning and dire premonitions of an inevitable future. Lisas poem and prose, Don Giovanni (Chapter 1) and The Gastein Journal (Chapter 2) gives clues and alludes specifically to the chapter entitled The Sleeping Carriage (Chapter 5) where the horrific reality of Babi Yar and the Holocaust are plainly laid down for the reader. Lisas own life exp eriences and fears are also justified in Chapter 5 and the events that lead up to her death in Babi Yar. The last parallel that I will explore is the one present between Chapters 1 and 2 and The Camp (Chapter 6) where a readers belief must be suspended and life restores all those that died in the preceding chapters. We will write a custom essay on The White Hotel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Finally, I will put Lisa on the couch (much like Freud did in Chapter 3, Frau Anna G.) and explore a variety of psychoanalytic theories and defense mechanisms and see how the character of Lisa applies to them and how she has exhibited them throughout the novel. Parallels and SymbolismThe metaphysical qualities that Lisa possesses does not become apparent until Freuds letter in which he tells her, It is clear that you are especially sensitive (196) and when the events of Babi Yar occur in Chapter 5. Numerous parallels occur, that only a few can be presented henceforth. Chapters 1 and 2, in which Lisas poetic nature surfaces, alludes and directly parallels the events leading up and occurring at Babi Yar. Just as the fire consumed a portion of the White Hotel, a fire consumed the center of the city where Lisa and Kolya lived in Chapter 5. In the latter fire, an old man brought about the comment that the Germans could be blaming the â€Å"Yids† for that fire. This can also be a parallel with the fire in the White Hotel. Lisa’s passion and sexual excess could be to blame for the fire that blazed within the hotel: â€Å"I could not stop myself I was in flames/from the first spreading of my thighs† (15). Her heightened sexual excitement incited such a ferocious outburst of passion that the hotel itself burst into flames. The monstrous quantity of murdered individuals and the evil that the Germans had brought was preceded by a fire that attempted to cleanse the city of such evil, but unfortunately failed. The White Hotel fire can also be compared to the burning of these massacred corpses. Just as passion is an emotion of fire, so is hate. Hatred prompted the Germans to set fire to the corpses to allow for more executions to continue. â€Å"She stumbled over a root, picked herself up and ran on blindly† (31). With this first sentence, Lisa gives us the impression of being hunted with the intention of being killed in Chapter 2. The idea of the soldiers idly smoking while she imagined herself turning into a tree and giving up the search parallels her fight for escape in Chapter 5 from Babi Yar. She makes numerous attempts to escape, including showing her Ukrainian passport, but unlike in Chapter 2, Lisa could not escape. â€Å"A German finished his coffee and strolled to a machine gun† (247). Her imagining of the nonchalance of the hunting soldiers is recalled again with the nonchalance of the German firing squad. The appearance of the little boy in both instances occurred, but just as the boy faded away in Chapter 2, he was killed in Chapter five and Lisa survived in both, â€Å"a part of her went on living with these survivors†(250). .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 , .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .postImageUrl , .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 , .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:hover , .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:visited , .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:active { border:0!important; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:active , .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6 .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u903fb59b58cb24853648e346e310d4e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Food Consumption Among American Teenagers Health N EssayA final parallel between Chapters 2, 3 and 5 that I will make is that of the violence and sex present in both scenes. Both the violence and the sex intermingle. While lying broken and half dead, Lisa was raped with a bayonet as if being ravaged on the outside was not enough and her insides had to be ravaged. A few verses in Lisa’s poem give the illusion of ravaging and impalement in her sexual relationship with the soldier: â€Å"that night he almost burst my cunt apart† (18), â€Å"your son impaled me† (19). This illusion of violence and sex can also be seen in her dream on page 20: â€Å"I was impaled/upon a swordfish.† The latter instances foreshadowed the violence and cruelty, as well as the pain that could be suffered when sex intermingles with violence in Chapter 5. Some of the parallels that are obviously linked to her experience and which manifest itself in Chapter 5 is that of the pain present in her left breast and ovary. The stomp delivered by the looting soldier to her breast and pelvis finally made clear these pains which were inexplicable. Also her breathlessness, which sometimes made it difficult for her to speak, can be seen as a symbol for the forced silence she had to endure at the bottom of Babi Yar: â€Å"she uttered no sound† (248). Freud in Chapter 3 alluded that this could have been a symptom of what had occurred when she was fifteen (94), but this can also be seen as a foreshadowing of her forced silence in attempt to survive. Chapters 2 and 3 also provide symbols and parallels for Chapter 6 where Lisa and others were resurrected. In both Freud is represented but not really addressed by Lisa. She does not recognize him in the White Hotel as the priest, but she does recognize him in the Camp and she does realize that he was also the priest in her poem and prose: â€Å"she suddenly realized that the old, drying-out priest in her journal had been Freud† (260). The soldier is also in both and had a disregard to her â€Å"bleeding† (her menstruation cycle). In the camp the soldier â€Å"did not mind that she was bleeding† (261), just as the soldier at the White Hotel â€Å"was not upset† when she â€Å"told her lover the bad news† (45). Her rape, which assuredly also made her bleed, did not take away from her sexuality and her womanhood. This affirmation by the soldier that it was alright even with the blood, restored Lisa as a woman regardless of the horrific sex act which co uld have easily de-feminized and de-sexed her. The soldier’s rape and de-humanizing attempt in the act of an abnormal and painful sex/violence act was defeated since the soldiers provided an affirmation that it was okay despite the blood that she had shed. She was still a woman in their eyes. One final parallel that can be made between the chapters is that of motherhood and nurturing. In both sections, Lisa breastfeeds and is breastfed. Breastfeeding is a nurturing and comforting act that a mother provides for her child. This established the safe haven of the Camp and allies Lisa to her mother in their womanhood and motherhood. In both sections Lisa is indisputably a mother, while in her real life she could not fathom having children, and only became a step-mother late in her life and not of her own choosing. Also, as Freud notes in Chapter 3, â€Å"the child sucking at the maternal breast has become the prototype of every relation of love† (116) we see this motherhood and love relationship not only in Chapters 2 and 3, but also in Chapter 6. â€Å"On the couch†A variety of psychoanalytic theories can be applied to Lisa Erdman as her life story flows from page to page in the novel. One that even Freud touched upon in Chapter 3 in his case study of Lisa was that of homosexuality. Freud believed that Lisa was a lesbian (†she had so completely buried the knowledge of her homosexuality†) (136), but he was wrong in his diagnoses and misplaced his suspicions onto Lisa. In actuality, it was Lisa’s aunt who was more suspected as a lesbian. Lisa’s mother in Chapter 6 recognized this when she discussed with Lisa the affair that she had with her brother-in-law (268). .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a , .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .postImageUrl , .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a , .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:hover , .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:visited , .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:active { border:0!important; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:active , .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cb4c28d65581338f94d91db7f29150a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Entrepreneur Observation Report EssayTransference can also be seen on Lisa’s behalf when she inserted Freud’s son, a soldier named Morton, as her lover, who that was also a soldier, in Chapters 2 and 3. Having never met him, she saw his picture on Freud’s desk and Freud made it clear in his case study discussion that she had never met him (114). Freud felt that this transference of putting Morton in her writings encouraged her to stay on and continue to be analyzed by him (117). Freud fails to explain why this would be so unless he felt that she wanted to explore the reasons of this transference. Freud does not provide a reason for the transference, ei ther. What could be deduced is that just as she wished to bind Freud to her closer and she wished to make love to him but since she could not, his son was the closest to it. Earlier breastfeeding was discussed as a way to bring someone closer. Since Lisa could not make love to Freud, she did the next best thing and breastfed him. Later in the novel, we see this burgeoning love for Freud as her letters attempt to bring him closer to her and she wonders just how close Freud would like to be with her (198). Lisa for many years repressed the images of her mother involved in a sexual liaison with her uncle. Her mind fogged the image of her mother in a very sexual atmosphere with her uncle and replaced it with her aunt. She did not want to know that it was her mother could have committed adultery and especially that her aunt knew and was even involved in it. One final psychoanalytic defense mechanism that Lisa was engaging was that of projection. In her writings, Lisa projected personal charactsteristics and was able to relate to the retired prostitute. Although it was not fully projected since she did not deny that she saw herself as the retired prostitute. While with Freud, she admitted that her â€Å"unruly thoughts† made her feel the connection with the retired prostitute (119). The Talking Cure: Literary Representation of PsychoanalysisDuring class discussion, we were able to read an exerpt (the chronology of events) of the above named book. One thing that was discussed was the illicit affair had by Lisa’s mother and uncle and how her father did not know. I disagree with this point since in Chapter 6 Lisa’s mother admits to Lisa that her father did know about the affair: â€Å"He knew, but it was never mentioned† (268). This helps to release Lisa’s mother from some of the guilt, since there was no deception involved because both spouses knew what was occuring. D.M. Thomas has created a novel filled with interweaving images that can be seen from its beginning pages to the end. Most instances can be compared to a variety of other situations that occured in Lisa’s life and that has occurred in a historical context. Her symptoms and experiences display certain psychoanalytic theories that she dissected with the fictional Freud, even though his analysis were sometimes wrong. The fervent passion, the macabre deaths and the hopeful ending make for an enriching story that recalls a dark time in history and a hopeful ending (or beginning) for Lisa.

Allen Fung on the Sino-Japanese War essays

Allen Fung on the Sino-Japanese War essays Allen Fung provides a persuasive argument for China's defeat against Japan in the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The Sino-Japanese War was an attempt by China to prevent a Japanese stronghold in Korea. Fung's reasoning for China's defeat does not follow the traditional mainstream historian's beliefs. Traditionally, the reasons for China's failure to drive Japan out of Korea were due to China's lack of weaponry and lack of leadership and experience from the Chinese Commanders. Fung attacks the theory of China's lack of weaponry and leadership. Fung focuses on the Battle of Pingrang, the most important battle in the Sino-Japanese War. The Chinese soldiers were well equipped in the battle of Pingrang with the Mauser Breech- loaders and Krupp artillery guns. Even though China may have been equipped at Pingrang, China battalion had different ammunition within the battalions. Using different weaponary within the same battalion is hard for mobilization and coordination of the battalion. Fung uses the the different weaponary within each battalion as one of many reasons the Chinese failed strategically to overcome Japan at Pingrang. After the China defeat at Pingrang, the number of weaponry declined due to Japan crushing the best-equipped Chinese forces. Japan was able to capture the entire Chinese premium weapons used at Pingrang. After the battle of Pingrang the armies lacked even the basic necessities to fight a war. Fung describes the main failure of the Chinese army was the lack of military training that the soldiers had provided to them. China had strong weapons; the main problem was being able to use these weapons efficiently. Throughout the war the Chinese soldiers simply did not contain the knowledge to be able to use the weapons to their advantage. Their artillery skills were awful and it showed during battle. The discipline among the troops was a major issue for the Chinese. Fung builds on the lack of discipline amon...

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Question - Assignment Example I recommend an equity based rewards program. An equity based reads program is not the same as an equal rewards program. In an equity based rewards program the rewards outcomes are not equal for all employees. Instead the rewards are apparently fair in terms of the contributions made by the employees, or groups of employees, such as teams. Thus, in the rewards program recommended by me the pay is not equal for employees, the raise in pay is not equal across all employees, the perks received are not the same, and promotions are not based on any time scale that makes the opportunities for promotion the same for all employees. In my recommended rewards program, all these elements of a rewards program are dispensed on the basis of contribution to the performance of the company. In other words, the employees or group of employees that contributes more gets more. In the development of my rewards program I have drawn support from the equity theory in the distribution of rewards to employees. Employees do not feel that they are being discriminated against in the distribution of rewards, when it is clear to them that the employees or groups of employees who have received more are the same employees who have made larger contributions to the performance of the organization (Phillips & Gully, 2011). Psychologically Healthy Workplace Program. (2008). Making Teamwork Rewarding. Retrieved from, Good Company, 2(4), Web Site: http://www.phwa.org/resources/goodcompany/newsletter/article/48 (Accessed April 26,